A-level物理学习中有很多基础性的概念，比如电流、电力等，其中，有一个很大的章节是关于量子物理和核子物理的。对于他们的概念，很多同学都会有些分不清楚，下面，锦秋小编将为大家详细介绍这两块的内容，让看过这篇文章的同学们能够在paper4中遇到此章节的题，有清晰的思路并且将分数稳稳拿住。
一.the definition of key vocabularies.
-Particle model: objects that are hard, have mass and move about according to laws of Newtonian mechanics
-Wave model: shaped like a sine graph, do not have mass or charge. Their defining characteristics are diffraction and interference
-Photoelectric effect: when an electromagnetic radiation of sufficiently high frequency falls on a metal surface, electrons are emitted and the emitted electrons are called photoelectrons
-Photoelectric current: current due to photoelectrons
-Photon: each quantum (particle) of electromagnetic radiation
-Work function: minimum amount of energy required by an electron to escape its surface
-Matter wave: a moving particle of matter of momentum will have an associated wave of wavelength where
-Under normal conditions, an atom is in its ground state where it posses the minimum possible energy
-Transition: shifting of electrons between energy levels
-Mass defect : the difference between the total mass of the individual, separate nucleons and the mass of the nucleus
-Binding energy : the minimum external energy required to separate all the neutrons and protons of a nucleus. It is also the energy released when the nucleus is assembled from its constituent nucleons
-Binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is the ratio of the total binding energy to its nucleon number
-Fission: process in which a massive nucleus splits to form two smaller fragments-Fusion: process by which two very light nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus
-Random: impossible to predict and each nucleus has the same probability of decaying per unit time
-Spontaneous: not affected by external factors such as the presence of other nuclei, temperature and pressure
-The activity of a radioactive sample is the rate at which nuclei decay or disintegrate
-The decay constant is the probability that an individual nucleus will decay per unit time interval
-The half life of a radioactive is the mean time taken for half of the active nuclei in a sample to decay
二. Key rules
Laws of Photoelectric Emission:
• 1st Law: number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to intensity of incident radiation
• 2nd Law: max kinetic energy of photoelectrons is directly proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation but independent of its intensity
• 3rd Law: for every metal, there is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which photoelectric emission does not take place; threshold frequency
• Threshold frequency: minimum frequency required to release electrons from the surface of a metal
三. important formula needed to do calculation
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation：
The frequency of the emitted radiation：
Einstein’s mass-energy relation:
四.example questions
下面我们来分别简单看两道题，同学们在确保已经掌握了以上知识要点之后，可以自己给自己做个小测试。
题目的难度虽然不大，但是要思路来的快，必须要对基础的公式，词汇以及定理有着深刻的印象，加之娴熟的运用。当然了，仅仅做这两道题是远远不够的，要想在A2考试中占得优势，还得在勤加努力才行。
以上是关于量子物理和核心物理的重点知识考点，如果大家对于A-level科目相关内容还有疑问，请扫码关注锦秋A-level，锦秋A-Level项目针对不同学员的不同层次的学习需求，设置一站式计划、G5学霸计划和国际班互补计划三大课程体系，并且有针对性的制定课程计划和教学方式，开设的课程有数学、进阶数学、物理、化学、生物、经济学、会计学等，紧抓中国学生理科优势，进行课程组合化。
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