A2经济：C3 Efficiency and Market Failure

关于A-level经济这个科目，在A-level常考科目中，属于比较难一些的科目，前面，我们介绍过关于AS经济中C2 Demand and Supply和C2 Elasticities的相关内容，下面，锦秋小编将继续为大家详细介绍一下A2的考纲中，C3 Efficiency and Market Failure的相关内容，希望对大家能够有所帮助。

3.1 Efficiency

Frequently asked topics

Explain productive and allocative efficiency

Explain Pareto efficiency and dynamic efficiency

Productive efficiency: 

SRAC的点(MC和SRAC)的交点

LRAC上的所有点

PPC上的所有点

Allocative efficiency: P=MC, MSB=MSC的交点

*PPC上的点和allocative efficiency无关

理论上，只有perfect competition能同时达到两个efficiency

Pareto efficiency: PPC上的点

Dynamic efficiency: 科技进步带来成本下降

Sample essays

15W1 Explain what is meant by economic efficiency. 

17W2 A country moved from a point within its production possibility curveto a point on its production possibility curve. Explain what is meant byeconomic efficiency. Analyse what happened to economic efficiency in thatcountry as a result of this movement. 

3.2 Inefficiency

Frequently asked topics

Explain market failure

Explain inefficiency under different market structures

Market failure 包括 Externalities (positive/negative), imperfect competition (monopoloy), public goods。考试的时候写三个能确保满分。

除了perfect competition以外，所有的market structure都是inefficient。同学们需要学会用mc和mr的图去解释。

Sample essays

12W1 Explain what is meant when it is said that theremight be inefficiencies in the production of goods and in the allocation of resources. 

14W3 Discuss whether firms operating in a marketstructure of monopolistic competition are less efficient than those operatingin perfect competition. 

3.3 Government intervention to correct market failures

Frequently asked topics

Discuss whether intervention is necessary

Explain how to correct market failure

Evaluate whether intervention would be effective

【敲黑板】这是考试的重点！

首先，政府一定要干预market failure吗？

其次，政府怎么干预？

最后，政府干预真的有效吗？

Public goods: 一定要干预。是否有效取决于Cost-Benefit Analysis

Externalities: 不一定需要干预。消费者或者生产者会意识到externalities并做出改进。Negative externalities 用 indirect tax，是否成功取决于PED, externality是否计算准确; Positive externalities 用 Nudge (Persuasion)，是否成功取决于literacy level, 同时政府投钱有opportunity cost

Monopoly: 需要干预，由于缺乏竞争垄断的公司很难做出行为的改变。干预方法：Deregulation, Promote competition. 然而monopoly在长期可以获得dynamic efficiency；如果是natural monopoly放开竞争反而会增加成本. 干预并非一定提升效率。

Sample essays

17W2 Discuss whethergovernment intervention in the economy is a necessary and sufficient conditionfor overcoming inefficiency in resource allocation. 

12W1 Discuss whether the best way toovercome market failure is to control private enterprise by means of taxation.

15W1 Discuss how the privatisationof an industry might affect economic efficiency. 

11S1 Discuss whethereconomic efficiency can be improved if governments are involved in theregulation and provision of goods and services when there is market failure.

更多关于A-level科目备考相关资讯，可以扫码关注锦秋A-level进行了解，如果想提高A-level科目成绩，可以参加锦秋A-level的三大课程体系。锦秋A-Level学院共设定三大计划课程体系，紧抓中国学生理科优势，进行课程化组合，凭借授课、专业助教辅导、全程专人跟踪反馈的模式培养出一批又一批学子，奔赴海外深造。

一、锦秋A-Level一站式计划

针对学生的不同年级和不同基础，提供了最丰富的选择；班课和一对一混合学习，科学合理，符合中国学生学习习惯；课程培训与留学申请一条龙服务，学制有一年、一年半、两年制、超过三年的对应课程。锦秋A-level学院是真正能做到一站式服务的A-level学习中心。

二、锦秋A-level学霸计划

遴选5%的高中生，针对冲刺G5的学生设计，通过入学测试+面试双重把关，全程一对一服务，主课量身定课，锦秋A-Level学霸计划帮助的学生走向卓越之路。

三、锦秋A-level国际班互补计划

针对国际学校就读的学生，开设A-level互补计划课程，VIP个性化定制课程查漏补缺，完美衔接国际高中课程，为学生国际班学习锦上添花，助攻学生争取更优异成绩冲击G5。