锦秋A-Level是隶属于新航道国际教育集团“腾飞计划”的高端子品牌，专为有志于申请英国G5超级精英大学以及英澳高校的中学生设计，旨在帮助中国学生通过学习以更高的成功率申请到。
2018经济考试背景信息了解一下吗？最近经济类的热门话题有哪些好奇吗？A-Level经济考前范围想看吗？
恭喜大家，这些今天锦秋A-Level小编将打包送上！帮你考前复习一波近期的经济热点，有多重要我就不多说了！
适合水平：AS, A Level, IB
适合考试局：AQA, Edexcel, OCR, IB, Eduqas, WJEC
Economic Wellbeing（经济状况）
A selection of wellbeing indicators for the UK in 2016 and 2017 are summarised below (Source: ONS)
Healthy life expectancy: Males 63.1 years, Females: 63.7 years
proportion of people aged 16 and over in England who reported feelings of loneliness often or always was 5.4% in the year ending March 2017.
16% of UK households living with less than 60% of median income before housing costs
Median wealth per household, including pension wealth was £259,400 in 2016
Real median household income was £27,310 in the UK in the year ending March 2017
In 2017, 8.0% of UK residents had no qualifications
8.9% of energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2016. (up from 4.3% in 2011)
Household recycling rate for UK in 2016 was 44.6%
Update on the Global Economy in 2017 (Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, March 2018)
2017全球经济变化情况（数据来源：IMF世界经济展望报告，2018年3月）
World economy grew 3.8% in 2017 – this is the fastest rate since 2011
Advanced countries grew 2.3% on average
Emerging and Developing nations grew 4.9%
China 6.9%, India 6.7%
Sub Saharan Africa 2.8%
Global trade in goods & services rose 4.9%
Commodity prices climbed 17%, including crude prices jumping to $65 per barrel
IMF believes that support for globalisation is weakening - NAFTA being challenged, Brexit, rise in non-tariff barriers + looming trade war between the US and China
IMF estimate - a 10 percent increase in import prices everywhere from tariffs & quotas —lowers global output and consumption by about 2 per cent after 5 years
Brexit and EU/UK Trade（脱欧与欧盟/英国贸易）
Importance of trade with the EU:
44% of all UK exports were sold to the EU
53% of all UK imports came from the EU
Trade balance:
UK ran a trade deficit with the EU in 2017 of £72 billion
Regional importance of trade with the EU
60% of Welsh exports go to the EU
59% of North East exports go to the EU
Average EU import tariffs (%) – relevant if a trade deal cannot be reached
Dairy products 35%
Cereals 13%
Sugar and confectionery 24%
Clothing 11%
Overseas aid from the UK（英国海外援助）
In each year since 2013, UK overseas aid spending has been 0.7% of GNI
In 2016, the UK spent £13.4 billion on overseas aid
Five biggest recipients of bilateral aid are Pakistan, Syria, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Afghanistan. Aid to India has fallen sharply.
Spending on humanitarian aid and supporting refugees has risen
Spending on cancelling debt is now zero
Most UK aid is project aid
Building antimicrobial resistance
Sanitation and hygiene research
Forest governance to help reduce the impact of deforestation
Unemployment in the UK Labour Market（英国劳动力市场失业情况）
Unemployment continues to fall reaching 4.2% of the labour force in Feb 2018, 1.4 million people
Youth unemployment has declined from 20% in 2012 to 12% in 2018 (520K people aged 16-24)
The number of unemployed 16-24 year olds fell by 43% between 2010 and 2018.
Unemployment currently at lowest rate since 1975
Long-term jobless rate also declining to 1.1% of labour force (less than 25% of total jobless)
Estimated NAIRU has dropped to 4.5% of labour force – has the Phillips Curve flattened?
However … dig underneath the aggregate data:
Continued high levels of economic inactivity
Under-employment remains a major factor - where workers stay in part-time, temporary or zero-hours contract roles because they cannot access full-time jobs - Under-employment estimated to be above Unemployment
Declining median real wages and also many people who have a job experience in-work poverty and continue to rely on benefits
Youth Unemployment（年轻人失业情况）
In the UK:
Unemployment for 16-24 year olds in UK is 12%, down from 20% in 2010
The number of unemployed 16-24 year olds fell by 43% between 2010 and 2018.
This is 525,000 young people
72,000 of young people have been unemployed for over a year
EU youth unemployment rates:
Greece 44%
Spain 37%
Italy 34%
UK 12%
Germany 6%
EU average is 16%
Relative poverty in the UK（英国相对贫困情况）
Relative poverty line for UK – households with income < 60% of median income in that year
2017 – 10.4 million people in relative low income before housing costs
That figure rises to 14.3 million after housing costs (22% of the population)
2.7 million children live in relatively poor households, 4.1 million after housing costs
This is 30% of all children
Highest relative poverty is in London (28% of individuals)
The Minimum Wage（工资标准）
National Living Wage (NLW) replaced the adult minimum wage in 2016
Current rates from April 2018:
Aged 25 and over £7.83 per hour
Aged 21-24 years £7.38 per hour
Aged 18-20 years £5.90 per hour
Under 18 years £4.20 per hour
Apprentice rate £3.70 per hour
Key points on the NLW:
NLW is not tied to changes in inflation
Living Wage is voluntary currently £10.20 per hour in London and £8.75 per hour elsewhere (employers can choose to pay)
Government target is that NLW must reach 60% of median earnings by 2020. It is currently at 57% of median earnings.
Sub prime credit & household debt（次级信贷与家庭债务）
The UK Financial Conduct Authority is now responsible for monitoring high cost credit companies including pay-day lenders
2015 - price cap imposed on pay-day loans.
Interest capped at 0.8% per day
Default fees on a loan fixed at £15
Total cost cap of 100% of loan value in default fees and interest
Only two “roll-overs” allowed on each loan
Results of greater regulation of the sub prime credit market in the UK:
Market for loans has got a lot smaller
Many lenders have left the market – sub-normal profits cause firms to exit
Loan sizes remain similar, longer repayment
Default rates have halved
Signs of shift to credit unions but some groups of consumers no longer have access to credit
Inflation（通货膨胀）
CPI inflation was 2.5% in March 2018
UK inflation was 2.7% in 2017, peaking at 3.0% in January 2018
Contrasting inflation rates in 2017 (Source: IMF)
Germany 1.5%
Cyprus -0.4% (deflation)
Emerging market & developing nations 4.5%
Venezuela 8,500% (March 2018)
Argentina 25% (April 2018)
India 4.5%
Central banks have different inflation targets
Argentina: 15%
India: 4% (+ or – 2%)
Kenya: 5% (+ or – 2.5%)
UK: 2%, Euro Zone: 2%, Japan: 2%
Zambia: 9%
UK Current Account (BoP)
UK ran a record deficit of 5.6% of GDP in 2016. In 2017, the deficit came down to 4.1% = £82.9 billion
UK trade deficit in goods: £136 billion
UK trade surplus in services £107 billion
UK trade balance in goods & services -£29bn
Current account deficit was amplified by a deficit in primary income (investment income) and secondary income (transfers)
Trade imbalances in the global economy (2017)
Current account surpluses:
Germany 8.2% of GDP
Singapore 19.6% of GDP
South Korea 5.5% of GDP
Taiwan 13.6% of GDP
Current account deficits:
UK: 4.1% of GDP
United States 3.0% of GDP
Rwanda 9.6% of GDP
Ethiopia 6.5% of GDP
The Productivity Gap（生产率差距）
The UK continues to lag behind many other advanced economies in terms of output per hour worked. Productivity growth has been sluggish since the recession ended in 2010.
Some key factors behind the productivity gap:
1.Low rate of investment – many UK firms do not operate at the cutting edge of new technologies
2.Legacy effects of the banking crisis affecting lending to businesses who want to expand
3.Slowing rates of innovation – UK has low level of R&D spending (<2% of GDP annually)
4.Deep skills shortages in key industries
5.Relatively low levels of market competition – persistence of inefficient monopolies
6.Long tail of under-performing businesses and relative absence of globally-scaled corporations
7.Poor infrastructure e.g. in transport, telecoms and power leading to congestion & higher costs
目前，锦秋A-Level与英国官方考试局Edexcel合作，在青岛、济南、武汉、长沙、上海、郑州、成都、西安、石家庄等地获得了考点授权，未来几十个城市的考点审批正在进行中。老师即是考官，教室即是考点，锦秋A-level为学生提供专业、高效、便捷的提供考试报名和综合服务，确保学生学得专心、考得放心。
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