锦秋A-Level,雅思+A-Level+英国留学!
咨询热线:400-966-9730
锦秋A-Level网课留学院校库
官方微信 官方微信
官方微博 官方微博
ALP

首页 >  考试技巧分享 > A-Level经济学-完全竞争市场Contestable Markets

A-Level经济学-完全竞争市场Contestable Markets

来源:      浏览:      发布日期:2018-06-25 10:26

返回列表

新航道锦秋A-Level项目针对不同学员的不同层次的学习需求,有针对性的制定课程计划和教学方式:班课和一对一混合学习,科学合理,符合中国学生学习习惯,针对不同年级和基础,选择更丰富。同时配备海量国际背景的教师和专业助教团队,双管齐下,奠定每一位学员的G5之路。

Revision: Contestable markets

The theory of contestable markets states than in imperfect markets, the threat of competition may be enough to prevent the firm acting against the public interest (i.e. keeping prices high and output low).

Conditions for contestable markets:

1. Perfect information - all firms have the same access to technology, no patents etc.

2. Freedom to enter the market legally

3. No sunk costs

In contestable markets incumbent firms are forced to act as if they are in competition, and therefore make only normal profits. If they don't, hit and run entry will occur - in the short run new rivals enter the market and by charging a lower price, take the incumbent firm's market share. Hit and run entry can only occur in barriers to entry and exit is low.

No market is perfectly contestable. Barriers to contestability always exist. What matters is the degree of contestability.

Sunk costs

Sunk costs are costs which are irrecoverable to the owners of the firm if it leaves the market. For example, the Channel Tunnel has very high sunk costs. It is a past expense that cannot be altered by current/future actions.

Sunk costs act as a barrier to entry.

Causes of sunk costs:

No second hand market

Industry specific capital

Future liabilities (e.g. nuclear power plants)

Implications

The theory tells us that all markets can be efficient as long as they are contestable. Therefore regulation is not necessary; in fact it may worsen the situation if regulation acts as a barrier to entry, discouraging potential competition. Instead the government's role should be to:

Make the market more competitive by increasing the degree of contestability

Lower barriers to entry and exit in an industry

Allow take-overs (if they don't prevent competition)

至今,新航道锦秋A-Level学院以其完备的学员服务系统,授课、专业助教课下辅导、全程专人跟踪反馈的模式培养出一批又一批学子,奔赴海外深造。锦秋A-Level学院祝福所有学员在这个夏季拿到优异成绩,取得理想大学offer,向着G5冲刺!

推荐阅读

2023年QS世界大学排名(部分院校) more
大学名称 QS排名
A-level考培+雅思+留学申请
爱德思授权考点
助力申请世界大学本科
新航道17年专注于国际化语言教育和留学考培+申请
专职助教+留学服务
专职讲师教学+助教服务

服务热线:400-966-9730

邮箱:alevel@xhd.cn

地址:北京海淀区丹棱街6号丹棱soho九层901