关于A Level化学平衡知识点，你了解多少？

A-level考试中ALevel化学的学习是必不可少的，A-level化学科目涉及很多的反应和实验，是比较有意思的科目，其中，在A-level化学众多考点之中，平衡知识点是很重要的一个内容，下面，锦秋小编来为大家详细介绍一下A-level化学平衡知识点的相关信息。

Chemical Equilibria Revision

化学平衡知识点温习概要

01可逆反响

Reversible Reactions

(1)可逆反响

A reversible reaction is one where there is a forward and backward reaction occurring

双箭头意义The double arrow signifies a reversible reaction.

动态平衡：正向和逆向反响速率持平的时候If in the above reaction the concentrations of A,B,C,D do not change, although the reaction is still in progress, then the forward rate must equal the backward rate. A situation known as dynamic equilibrium has been reached.

(2)平衡常数Equilibrium Constants

所有的平衡反响的性质都可以用浓度平衡常数Kc来表明。Any dynamic equilibrium can be described in terms of its equilibrium constant,Kc.

The equilibrium constant is the product of the molar concentrations of the products raised to the power of its coefficient in the stoichiometric equation,divided by the product of molar concentrations of the reactants,each raised to the power of its coefficient in the stoichiometric equation.

详细方程联系如下：

So for the reaction:

The equilibrium constant is given by:

Where [ ] represents the concentration of the species in moldm-3.

关于由气态物质组成的反响来说, 可以用气体的分压来表明反响的平衡常数. For gaseous systems, we use Kp instead of Kc. Here, the species are shown in the equilibrium equation in terms of their partial pressures. (In a mixture of gases, the proportion of the total pressure due to a particular gas is dependent on its mole fraction).

联系如下: Kp=Kc*(RT)△n（△n=反响生成的物质的量-反响物的物质的量）

02 勒夏特列原理Le Chateliers Principle

定义意义Le Chateliers principle states:

平衡的移动总是向着反转反响影响的方向。The position of the equilibrium of a system changes to minimise the effect of any imposed change in conditions.

This principle applies to any reaction that is in equilibrium.

(1)物质浓度改动关于平衡的影响The effect of concentration changes on equilibrium

改动反响物或者是生成物的浓度，不会影响这个反响的平衡常数，可是会引起平衡移动。Changing concentration of a reactant or product does not change the numerical value of the equilibrium constant,but it does change the position of the equilibrium.

In general,the position of the equilibrium is shifted towards the right if the concentration of a reactant is increased or to the left if the concentration of a product is increased.

At the start,when the change is made,the mixture is not at equilibrium, but equilibrium is eventually restored.

(2)压强改动关于平衡的影响The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium

关于前后气体分子个数不持平的反响，压强或者是体积改动也不会改动反响的平衡常数，可是会引起平衡的移动。For a reaction involving gases, altering the pressure may cause a change in the position of the equilibrium.

若反响后气体分子数增多，增大压强，平衡向着逆向移动。For a reaction where there is an increase in the number of moles from reactants to products, increasing the pressure moves the equilibrium to the left.

若反响前后气体分子数减少，增大压强，平衡向着正向移动。Where there is a decrease in the number of moles from reactants to products,increasing the pressure moves the equilibrium to the right.The equilibrium constant remains the same.

(3)温度改动关于平衡的影响The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium

The change that takes place when temperature is changed depends upon whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

If the forward reaction is exothermic then the backward one is endothermic.

吸热反响，升温，平衡向正向移动。If the temperature is increased, the equilibrium moves to the left, since an endothermic reaction will tend to reduce the temperature.

放热反响，升温，平衡向逆向移动。Conversely, if the temperature is decreased then the equilibrium, moves to the right.

(4)催化剂/稀有气体关于平衡的影响The effects of catalysts on equilibrium

没有影响！A catalyst or addition of noble gas has no effect on the position of the equilibrium. However, a catalyst does increase the rate of both the forward and backward reactions, decreasing the time taken to reach equilibrium.

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